A novel case of feline Exophiala spinifera disease in Americas: review integrating diagnosis and clinical.

Abstract

We report the first case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by the dematiaceous dimorphic fungus Exophiala spinifera in a free-roaming domestic cat from the Americas, specifically diagnosed in the Central-West Region of Brazil, which progressed to euthanasia due to severe clinical deterioration. A comprehensive diagnostic approach was employed, integrating epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, mycological, and molecular analyses to confirm the fungal infection. In addition to the fungal infection, the cat tested seropositive for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and was suspected of having seromucous adenocarcinoma. The response of E. spinifera to itraconazole (ITZ) therapy and the post-mortem findings are also presented. This case highlights the importance of considering Exophiala species in the differential diagnosis of fungal infections in animals. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and potential ecological implications of E. spinifera, offering valuable insights for veterinarians, researchers, and clinicians involved in the management of zoonotic mycoses.