ABPA and AFRS: addressing prevalence, early diagnosis, allergens, and occupational concerns.

Abstract

<h4>Objective</h4>This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the prevalence of ABPA and AFRS, scrutinize existing diagnostic criteria and immunoassays, pinpoint their limitations, highlight ABPA as an occupational health implication, and identify suggestive measures to improve ABPA diagnosis in the context of Occupational Health Nursing and primary healthcare.<h4>Data sources</h4>The data sources such as PubMed, Health and Safety Science Abstracts, OSH Update, Medline, and Google Scholar were searched.<h4>Study selections</h4>All published studies in the English language from 1990 till Oct, 2023 using Mesh terms keywords "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis," "Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis," "Signs and Symptoms," "Rapid Diagnostic Tests," "Diagnosis," "Occupational Health," "Occupational Health Nursing," "Prevalence," "Allergens" following "Boolean operators" search strategy were selected.<h4>Results</h4>This review succinctly covered signs, symptoms, and prevalence data concerning ABPA and AFRS. It briefly discussed existing diagnostic criteria and immunoassays, highlighted factors influencing the assay's variability, and underscored the role and scope of specific allergens toward improved, simple, and early ABPA diagnosis. ABPA as a neglected occupational health concern was emphasized, and the importance of RDTs in the context of healthcare professionals and OHNs was stated. Finally, this study suggested analyzing the impact of compromised post-pandemic immune status and the use of immunosuppressive drugs on ABPA prevalence among vulnerable communities and occupations.<h4>Conclusion</h4>To conclude, global and Indian ABPA and AFRS prevalence data, factors influencing existing assay variability, and the scope of improvement in RDTs for ABPA diagnosis in the background of primary healthcare professionals and OHNs were addressed.