Activation of TLR9 signaling suppresses the immunomodulating functions of CD55fibroblastic reticular cells during bacterial peritonitis.

Abstract

Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are a subpopulation of stromal cells modulating the immune environments in health and disease. We have previously shown that activation of TLR9 signaling in FRC in fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALC) regulate peritoneal immunity via suppressing immune cell recruitment and peritoneal resident macrophage (PRM) retention. However, FRCs are heterogeneous across tissues and organs. The functions of each FRC subset and the regulation of TLR9 in distinct FRC subsets are unknown. Here, we confirmed that specific deletion of TLR9 in FRC improved bacterial clearance and survival during peritoneal infection. Furthermore, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found two subsets of FRCs (CD55and CD55) in the mesenteric FALC. The CD55FRCs were enriched in gene expression related to extracellular matrix formation. The CD55FRCs were enriched in gene expression related to immune response. Interestingly, we found that TLR9 is dominantly expressed in the CD55subset. Activation of TLR9 signaling suppressed proliferation, cytokine production, and retinoid metabolism in the CD55FRC, but not CD55FRC. Notably, we found that adoptive transfer ofCD55FRC from mesenteric FALC more effectively improved the survival during peritonitis compared with WT-FRC orCD55FRC. Furthermore, we identified CD55and CD55subsets in human adipose tissue-derived FRC and confirmed the suppressive effect of TLR9 on the proliferation and cytokine production in the CD55subset. Therefore, inhibition of TLR9 in the CD55FRCs from adipose tissue could be a useful strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of FRC-based therapy for peritonitis.