Addressing Complications in Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: A Guideline to Prevention of CIED Infection.

Abstract

<b>Background:</b> Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are vital for managing arrhythmias but carry a notable risk of infection, which increases patient morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. This review examines current evidence on risk factors and preventive strategies for CIEDI. <b>Methods:</b> A structured search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using terms such as "CIED," "infection," "pacemaker," "ICD," "infection prevention," "biofilm," "antibiotic prophylaxis," and "antibiotic-eluting envelope." Study selection followed PRISMA guidelines. <b>Results:</b> For well-established topics, recommendations are based on high-quality evidence from the literature. In areas with limited CIED-specific data, evidence from related surgical fields was considered, and expert consensus was used to guide recommendations. <b>Conclusions:</b> This review offers practical guidance for clinicians on CIED infection prevention, addressing gaps not previously covered in existing guidelines.