Advanced strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination of monkeypox.

Abstract

Monkeypox (Mpox), a zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, has been endemic mainly in West and Central Africa for a long time, with only a few cases in other parts of the world. However, recent multi-country outbreaks in non-endemic areas have escalated Mpox into a significant global public health concern. The rapid transmission highlights the urgent need for robust strategies governing diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. In this review, we synthesized advanced approaches addressing the Mpox challenge, focusing on the application of emerging technologies. We examined the integration of nanotechnology, nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs), gene editing technology and sequencing technology in Mpox prevention and control. These platforms offered promising solutions to critical limitations in current Mpox control, including high detection costs, poor drug specificity, and suboptimal vaccine efficacy. Finally, we outlined the outlook and potential development trajectories for sustained Mpox prevention and control.