Advances in the Study of Bronchial and Vascular Architecture of Lungs in the Rat's Model: from Morphogenesis to Disease Modelling.

Abstract

Bronchial and vascular architecture in the rat lung forms an interdependent scaffold that balances ventilation with perfusion and adapts to metabolic demand. Development proceeds through coordinated branching programs that couple epithelial growth with vascular patterning while matrix remodeling and epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk shape airway caliber and capillary alignment. Quantification has moved from classical design-based stereology to organ-scale µCT, optical clearing, and multiscale computational reconstructions that link structure to function. Across disease models, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and emphysema show distal airspace enlargement with vascular rarefaction, pulmonary hypertension (PH) features medial thickening and arteriolar muscularization, asthma combines epithelial remodeling with angiogenesis, and fibrosis exhibits collagen deposition with capillary regression. Convergent signaling networks integrate these changes, including VEGF and HIF pathways that govern angiogenesis, Notch and Wnt programs that regulate morphogenesis, and oxidative stress with cytokine and microRNA axes that drive vascular remodeling. Translational alignment is strengthened by single-cell and imaging biomarkers that map rat phenotypes to human pathology, while bioengineered platforms and in silico models provide controllable test beds for hypothesis testing. Predictive frameworks for remodeling across development and disease could be provided by standardized pipelines that combine morphometry, mechanics, and molecular profiles.