An organoid-based evaluation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 in alleviating oxidative damage via Wnt signaling.

Abstract

UNLABELLED: SC06 (BaSC06) has emerged as a promising probiotic for improving animal gut health and immuno-protection. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we employed porcine intestinal organoids as an ex vivo model and induced oxidative stress using diquat to systematically evaluate the protective effects of BaSC06. We evaluated antioxidant capacity, apoptosis-related markers, intestinal stem cells differentiation markers, and associated signaling pathways. Pretreatment with BaSC06 significantly alleviated oxidative damage by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and resultant apoptosis. Cellularly, BaSC06 promoted intestinal stem cells proliferation and favored differentiation toward Paneth cells while suppressing differentiation into other epithelial lineages. Mechanistically, these effects were mediated by the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, and it was further confirmed by using a specific Wnt inhibitor. Overall, our findings uncover a probiotic-Wnt axis through which BaSC06 confers protection against oxidative stress, involving modulation of intestinal stem cells fate and enhancement of epithelial barrier function. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-026-05358-2.