Arboviral Diseases in a Changing World: Evolutionary Dynamics, Host-Vector Interactions, and Novel Control Strategies.

Abstract

<h4>Introduction</h4>Arboviral diseases, transmitted by hematophagous arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks, represent an escalating global public health challenge. The resurgence and geographic spread of arboviruses particularly dengue virus, Zika virus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and West Nile virus are closely linked to environmental change, urbanization, and increased human mobility. Understanding their evolutionary mechanisms, host-vector interactions, and emerging control strategies is critical to effective disease mitigation.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>This systematic review employed a comprehensive multidatabase search (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) from 2000 to 2025 using MeSH terms and Boolean logic to identify studies on arbovirus evolution, transmission, and control. From 16,320 initial records, 12 high-quality, peer-reviewed studies met the final inclusion criteria based on relevance, methodology, and publication standards. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and adopted an integrative analytical framework, including genomic analysis, meta-epidemiological synthesis, and predictive modeling.<h4>Results</h4>The review highlights that arboviruses possess high genomic plasticity, enabling rapid adaptation through mutations (<i>e.g.,</i> CHIKV A226V), recombination, and immune evasion. Key molecular mechanisms include subversion of RNA interference (RNAi) and Toll/IMD pathways, and saliva-assisted transmission in vectors. Environmental and anthropogenic driver's climate change, urban sprawl, and globalization are expanding arbovirus endemicity into new regions. Novel control strategies such as CRISPR gene drives, <i>Wolbachia</i>-based interventions, and RNAi antivirals offer promising alternatives to conventional vector control, with mRNA vaccine platforms showing significant potential.<h4>Discussion</h4>The findings emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach integrating virology, vector biology, synthetic biology, and environmental modeling. Real-time genomic surveillance, predictive analytics, and eco-adaptive vector control strategies are essential for proactive response. However, ethical, ecological, and regulatory concerns around gene editing and microbial interventions warrant careful consideration. The evolving interplay between virus, vector, host, and environment necessitates dynamic public health strategies and sustained international collaboration.