Berberine-Loaded Composite Phospholipid Ethosome Hydrogels: A Therapeutic for Mastitis via Regulating the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

Abstract

Mastitis is a common disease in dairy cows, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Berberine (BBR) has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential, but its application is limited due to poor oral absorption and difficulty in reaching mammary tissue. To address this, this study developed a BBR-loaded composite ethosome hydrogel (BBR-CEH) to achieve targeted mammary delivery through local transdermal administration. The experimental results showed that BBR-CEH has good chemical stability and biosafety. Subsequently, a mouse mastitis model was established by intraductal injection of 50 µL of bacterial mixture (<i>E. coli:S. aureus</i> = 1:1, each at 1 × 10⁷ CFU/mL). The results showed that after BBR-CEH treatment, the mRNA expression of <i>TNF-α</i> (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), <i>IL-6</i> (interleukin-6), and <i>IL-1β</i> (interleukin-1 beta) was significantly decreased, the mRNA expression of <i>ZO-1</i> (zonula occludens-1), <i>Occludin</i>, and <i>Claudin-4</i> was significantly increased, and <i>Bax</i>/<i>Bcl-2</i> (Bcl-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma 2) was significantly reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.01), indicating alleviation of mastitis by reducing inflammation, improving tight junctions, and inhibiting apoptosis. Finally, network pharmacology and in vivo experiments confirmed that its mechanism involves the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B) and PI3K/Akt (phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B) pathways. Thus, topical BBR-CEH may represent a promising new strategy for mastitis treatment.