Cardiovascular Disease in Birds of Prey.

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is not uncommonly encountered in both wild and captive raptors. Captive-held raptors may be at increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disease due to differences in lifestyle and diet. There is a need for further research into effective doses for management of cardiovascular conditions following diagnosis. Atherosclerosis often develops from dyslipidemia, inactivity, and age, and may lead to acute death, myocardial infarction, or aneurysm. Cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, myocarditis, and endocarditis are also noted, often secondary to infections or toxins like lead. Treatment options are limited and mainly involve supportive care, dietary adjustments, and off-label use of cardiovascular drugs.