caused spotty liver syndrome in laying hens in the Netherlands.

Abstract

Spotty liver disease in laying hens can be caused byor by. Whileis widely distributed around the world,has thus far only been documented in Australia and the USA. We investigated five outbreaks of spotty liver disease in laying hens in the Netherlands. In November 2020 was cultured as the causal agent of the outbreak on one of these farms, whilewas cultured from hens from the four other farms. Clinical and pathological features were indistinguishable, but MALDI-TOF and WGS identified these species unambiguously. To our knowledge, this is the first report ofoutside Oceania and the USA.