Heartworm disease signs and imaging in 37 rescued dogs in Germany

Abstract

Canine dirofilariasis is currently uncommon in Germany, but its prevalence appears to be increasing due to rehoming of dogs from endemic areas. As part of staging of the disease, this case series describes clinical, radiological and echocardiographic findings in 37 dogs tested positive for Dirofilaria immitis between October 2016 and January 2019. Clinical history revealed 12 (32 %) asymptomatic and 22 (59 %) symptomatic dogs, with most of the dogs showing exercise intolerance, coughing or breathlessness. Thoracic radiographs were performed in 34 dogs and showed parenchymal lesions in 14 (41 %) and bulging of the main pulmonary artery (MPA) in 8 (23,5 %). Enlarged peripheral pulmonary arteries were noted in 22 (65 %) dogs, mainly affecting caudal peripheral pulmonary arteries. In 12 (24 %) of dogs with echocardiographic findings, thoracic radiographs were unremarkable. Echocardiographic examination was performed to assess secondary pulmonary hypertension (PH), identification of worm burden and dilation of pulmonary arteries. RPAD was applied for grading of PH in 34 dogs. Normal values (RPAD&#x202f;>&#x202f;35 %) were detected in 11 (32 %) dogs, mild PH (RPAD 28-35 %) in 12 (35 %), moderate PH (RPAD 23-27 %) in 5 (15 %), and severe PH (RPAD&#x202f;<&#x202f;23 %) in 6 (18 %) dogs. Severe systolic PH was confirmed by pressure gradient of tricuspid regurgitation in two dogs. Pressure gradients of pulmonary insufficiency were suggestive of diastolic PH in 5 dogs and correlated with RPAD&#x202f;<&#x202f;23 %. Right ventricular hypertrophy was observed in 6 dogs with severe PH, flattening of the interventricular septum in 5 dogs. Right ventricular systolic time intervals showed a short acceleration time (<80&#x202f;ms) and AT/ET of <0.31 in all dogs with severe PH. MPA dilation, defined as the ratio of MPA to aorta (MPA/Ao) exceeding 1.0 was found in 16 (43 %) dogs. Right pulmonary artery (RPA) dilation, defined as the ratio of RPA to aorta (PRA/Ao) exceeding 0.5 was detected in 25 (68 %) dogs. Double, linear parallel objects (DL) suggestive for macrofilaria were found in 28 (76 %) dogs. Of these, 7 (19 %) had a high worm burden occupying RPA and MPA. Six months after the 3rd Melarsomine injection a follow up examination was performed in 21 dogs. Main findings included persistent dilation of RPA in 11 (52 %), as well as RPAD indicative of PH in 11 (52 %) dogs. This case series demonstrates that>70 % of dogs had at least one relevant finding suggestive of PH prior to starting adulticide treatment. Therefore, thoracic radiographs as well as a thorough echocardiographic examination are recommended in all dogs that test positive for D. immitis. Echocardiography should focus on presence and severity of PH, for which RPAD has been proven to be useful. A follow up examination after adulticide treatment should be performed, which provides comparative assessment of presence and severity of PH. Dogs with persistent moderate to severe PH may benefit from long-term monitoring and medical management.