Descriptive network analysis of Ontario, Canada equine competitions: implications for disease control

Abstract

Abstract Background Competitions are an important source of entertainment and revenue in the horse industry but may contribute to disease introduction and spread. The objectives of this study were to, (i) describe the annual (2016 to 2018) contact networks of Equestrian Canada competitions in Ontario, Canada, and (ii) determine if the networks exhibit characteristics of ‘small world' networks. Data on Equestrian Canada registered competitions in the province of Ontario, Canada between 2016 and 2018 were used to create three types of yearly contact networks: competition networks, horse networks, and venue networks. Results Dressage, hunter/jumper, and eventing competitions were connected through horses co-attending the same competitions; however, endurance and reining shows were isolates in these networks. The median node degrees in the yearly horse networks were between 567 and 619 with wide variation in node centrality scores. Horses competing in multiple disciplines at multiple levels had high node betweenness scores. Horse networks and venue networks had similarly short geodesics as random Erdös-Renyi networks of the same size but exhibited higher levels of clustering indicating that both the horse and venue networks meet the criteria for ‘small world' networks. Conclusions The high connectivity of the networks may provide opportunities for disease transmission to occur between competition levels and disciplines, and potentially increase case counts in an epidemic. The ‘small world’ topography of the competition and venue networks means disease spread could occur more rapidly in this population and the threshold for disease persistence may be lower.