How to tell if your puppy has a heart murmur at their first vet visit?

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The frequency that cardiac murmurs are identified and recorded in first opinion veterinary practices at the first health check in puppies is unknown. The aims of the study were to assess the agreement between first opinion veterinary practitioners, a veterinary student and a veterinary cardiology specialist on detecting murmurs, and to establish whether abnormal auscultation findings had been recorded in the health certificates of clinically healthy puppies. The study included prospective and retrospective investigations, where the prospectively collected auscultation findings from a veterinary cardiology specialist and a trained veterinary student were compared to auscultation findings recorded by first opinion veterinary practitioners. RESULTS: Cardiac auscultation was performed on 331 client-owned, clinically healthy dogs at two time points: at age 34-69&#xa0;days by a first opinion veterinary practitioner and at age 45-76&#xa0;days, on average 9&#xa0;days later, by a veterinary cardiology specialist and a trained veterinary student. Agreement among the three was compared for the presence of a murmur. The degree of inter-observer agreement was evaluated using Cohen's kappa. Auscultation findings, as noted in the pets' passports, from 331 puppies and 43 different first opinion veterinary practices, were retrospectively reviewed and prospectively compared with auscultation findings from a veterinary cardiology specialist. Agreement between the veterinary cardiology specialist and the first opinion veterinary practitioners was poor (&#x3f0;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.01) and significantly different (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). First opinion veterinary practitioners had recorded a cardiac murmur in only 1 of the 97 puppies in which the veterinary cardiology specialist detected a murmur. Two-hundred-and-fifty-two puppies were auscultated by both the veterinary cardiology specialist and the student. Their agreement was fair (&#x3f0;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.40) and significantly different (P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.024). The agreement between the student and a first opinion veterinary practitioner on these 252 puppies was poor (&#x3f0;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.03) and significantly different (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that soft cardiac murmurs are rarely documented during the first veterinary health check in puppies by first opinion veterinary practitioners. Although soft murmurs may not be clinically relevant, finding and recording them is evidence of a carefully performed auscultation. Missing a non-pathological murmur is not of clinical importance; however, missing a pathological murmur could prove detrimental for the individual puppy.