Detection of Adulteration and Contaminants in Raw Milk from Small-Scale Farms in Transylvania Using Advanced Analytical Techniques

Abstract

This study investigates adulteration and contamination in raw milk from small-scale farms in rural Transylvania, Romania, using advanced analytical techniques to assess safety and authenticity. A total of 100 raw milk samples (50 cows and 50 goats) were analyzed for aflatoxin M1, antibiotic residues, cryoscopic point, density, and milk substitution. Aflatoxin M1 was measured using the Symmetric M1 Lateral Flow Test Kit, revealing that 34% of cow and 26% of goat samples exceeded the EU limit of 50 ppt, with maximum concentrations of 145.35 ppt and 146.96 ppt, respectively. These levels are likely due to poor feed storage. Antibiotic residues were detected in 15 cow samples for β-lactams and in 10 samples (5 cows and 5 goats) for tetracyclines using the Symmetric BTS lateral flow test. ELISA confirmed milk substitution in 15 goat milk samples. Cryoscopic point analysis (ISO 5764:2009) and MilkoScan FT2 density testing showed non-compliance in 25% of cow and 29% of goat samples. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate significant differences and parameter relationships, including ANOVA, Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), and Pearson correlation. These findings underline the need for improved monitoring, stricter compliance, and targeted support for small-scale dairy producers.