Detection of theC gene in multidrug-resistantsp. based on isolation of chicken eggshell swabs from traditional Surabaya markets.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The virulence ofsp. is increased by the presence of theC gene, which allows the bacteria to survive in environments with low magnesium levels, such as inside macrophages.sp. found on eggshells when they show resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics can be classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. AIM: This study aimed to identify the presence ofsp. MDR andgene in chicken eggshell swabs from traditional markets in Surabaya. METHODS: Swab samples were collected from 160 eggs (80 from layer chickens and 80 from free-range chickens) at 10 traditional markets in Surabaya, Indonesia. Isolation and identification were performed using culture media, including Salmonella Shigella Agar, Gram staining, Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Sulfide Indole Motility, Simmons Citrate Agar, Methyl Red and Voges Proskauer, and Urea Agar. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar. Molecular detection of theC gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The results showed that 16.87% (27/160) of the samples were detected positive forsp. Allsp. isolates (27) were resistant to Erythromycin (100%). Resistance was also found to Ampicillin (77.77%, 21/27), Tetracycline (29.62%, 8/27), and Ciprofloxacin (18.51%, 5/27). No resistance to chloramphenicol was observed. In addition, eight of the 27 isolates (29.62%) were classified assp. MDR. Thesp. MDR isolates also carried theC gene at 87.5% (7/8). CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the potential global public health threat posed by MDRsp. with theC gene, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and controlling antibiotic resistance in humans and animals.