Effect of Java plum () leave extract and a silver nanoparticles synthesis on pathogens in skin diseases of dogs.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic use has been rising in both humans and animals. The growing concern over antimicrobial drug resistance and the promotion of regional drug use have led to a rise in the interest in medicinal applications of herbs combined with biosynthesized nanoparticles. AIM: To evaluate the antimicrobial and acaricidal effects ofleaves crude extract (Sc-CE) and biosynthesizedsilver nanoparticles (Sc-AgNPs) on dog skin pathogens and determined the optimal concentration and time forapplication. METHODS: leaves (Sc) were prepared as Sc-CE and Sc-AgNPs. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized employing various techniques, including dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Phytochemical analyses were conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry screening. Antimicrobial activity was examined against gram-positive bacteria, includingand, gram-negative bacteria such as, yeast strains includingand, and ectoparasite. Cytotoxicity was evaluated on canine primary dermal fibroblast (CPDF) using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. RESULTS: The Sc-AgNPs exhibited nanoparticle sizes ranging from 100 to 350 nm with aggregated spherical shape and contained Ag element in this nanoparticle. Myricetin and Phloretin were among the extracted compounds, contributing to the reduction of pathogenic organisms. Sc-AgNPs showed high efficacy against skin pathogens compared to Sc-CE, with a lower cytotoxicity effect on CPDF. CONCLUSION: The Sc-AgNPs demonstrated superior efficiency against pathogens in dog skin diseases as both concentration- and time-dependent and were deemed safe to CPDF within 24 hours.