Effects of flexion and extension on the diameter of the caudal cervical vertebral canal in dogs.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To quantify changes in the diameter of the vertebral canal with flexion and extension in the cervical vertebral column. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric biomechanical study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cadaveric canine cervical vertebral column (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;16 dogs). METHODS: All vertebral columns were evaluated with MRI. Group 1 consisted of 8 normal vertebral columns. Group 2 included 8 vertebral columns with intervertebral disc degeneration. Flexion, extension, compression, and tension were applied to the caudal cervical region (C4-5, C5-6, C6-7). Sagittal vertebral canal diameters (VCD) were obtained by measuring the distance between the ventral and dorsal aspects of vertebral canal. RESULTS: No differences were seen between groups, thus the results are for both groups. Comparison of VCD between flexion and extension with no load revealed a difference of 2.2&#x2009;mm (28.9%; P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001). Comparison between neutral position and extension revealed a reduction of 1.5 mm (16.5%; P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001), whereas comparison between neutral and flexion showed an increase of 0.7&#x2009;mm (7.7%; P&#x2009;=&#x2009;.001) in VCD. Comparison between neutral with no load and neutral with compression showed a difference of 0.5 mm, with reduction of 5.5% in the vertebral canal (P&#x2009;=&#x2009;.006). Comparison of extension with no load versus extension with tension revealed an increase of 0.7&#x2009;mm (9.2%) in the vertebral canal (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cervical vertebral canal diameter decreased significantly with extension and increased with flexion. The results support the presence of dynamic impingement possibly playing a role in diseases characterized by vertebral canal stenosis, such as cervical spondylomyelopathy.