Effects of Urbanization on Flowering Phenology, Pollination, and Reproductive Success in the Chiropterophilous Tropical Tree <i>Ceiba pentandra</i>.

Abstract

Urbanization often negatively impacts pollinator abundance and richness; however, its effects on different pollination components and plant reproductive success are highly variable. Previous research efforts have also shown geographic and taxonomical bias, with non-insect-pollinated plant species in tropical cities underrepresented in the literature. Although bats represent the most persistent mammal group in urban ecosystems, studies addressing the effect of urbanization on chiropterophilous plants are scarce. Here, we addressed the impacts of urbanization on flowering phenology, pollination, and reproductive success in the chiropterophilous tree <i>Ceiba pentandra</i> (L.) Gaertn. (Malvaceae) in two major tropical cities of the Yucatan Peninsula. We found that urbanization has led to an earlier flowering phenology; however, no effect of urbanization was detected in the two pollination components evaluated: pollinator visitation rate and pollen deposition. Finally, the effects of urbanization on the reproductive success of <i>C. pentandra</i> were mixed. While marginally negative effects of urbanization were found in fruit set, positive effects were found in seed germination. These findings suggest that urban pollinators can provide similar levels of pollination services and thus lead to comparable reproductive success for <i>C. pentandra</i> in forests and cities.