Emerging Approaches to Anthelmintic Therapy Using Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals: A Review of Natural Products Against Strongyloidiasis.

Abstract

Strongyloidosis is a parasitic disease caused by <i>Strongyloides stercoralis</i>, a nematode with a complex life cycle that facilitates long-term persistence within the host. The infection affects millions of people in tropical and subtropical regions and poses a particular challenge in immunocompromised individuals. Although conventional treatments, such as ivermectin and albendazole, are generally effective, emerging concerns regarding drug resistance and adverse effects have prompted the search for alternative therapeutic options. In this context, natural products-including plant extracts, bioactive phytochemicals, and nanoparticle-based formulations derived from natural sources-are emerging as promising anti-<i>Strongyloides</i> potential. This review summarizes recent studies on natural products with anthelmintic activity against strongyloidiasis, with emphasis on their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and future perspectives. A systematic search of the literature was conducted using terms related to <i>Strongyloides</i>, plant species, extracts, and bioactive compounds with nematocidal activity. Eligible studies included those reporting the activity of plants, plant extracts, and their purified metabolites against <i>Strongyloides</i> spp. Data were compiled into a comprehensive table including year of publication, author, plant species, active principle, application conditions, and target nematode species. The pharmacological treatment of this parasite varies according to its life cycle stage. Various biomolecules, phytoactive compounds, and novel plant-based formulations have demonstrated promising activity and may be considered both for treatment and for inclusion in control programs for strongyloidiasis. This review highlights medicinal plants and phytochemicals with ethnopharmacological background and experimentally validated activity against <i>Strongyloides</i> spp., integrating evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and experimental models, as well as clinical trials.