Entomological Surveillance System for Invasive <i>Aedes</i> Mosquitoes at Points of Entry in West Azerbaijan Province: Strengths and Weaknesses.

Abstract

<h4>Background</h4>Global trade and travel are key factors affecting the initial introduction of vectors and VBDs (vector-borne diseases) in a country. Vectors know no borders; it is essential to establish systems for the surveillance of vectors and vector-borne diseases (VBDs). This study was conducted to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of a newly established entomological surveillance system for <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes at points of entry (PoE) in West Azerbaijan Province.<h4>Methods</h4>The <i>Aedes</i> surveillance system was implemented in West Azerbaijan Province from 2019 to 2023. Following national guidelines, <i>Aedes</i> eggs and larvae were surveyed at eight international PoEs using ovitraps and by collecting larvae from natural or artificial habitats. A specific checklist designed for this study was employed to evaluate the program.<h4>Results</h4>Over 9008 ovitraps were deployed, while 552 had eggs, including species from the families Phasmatidae and Psychodidae, as well as species from the genus <i>Culex</i> and <i>Aedes caspius</i>. Additionally, 506 larvae were collected during the surveillance period. The program had several key strengths, including a well-structured reporting system, robust technical support, knowledgeable personnel, designated health staff spaces at PoE, standardized surveillance tools, initiatives for environmental enhancement, the establishment of an entomology laboratory, cross-border collaborations, and public health education campaigns. Identified weaknesses comprised staff and entomologist shortages, the absence of a functional insectary, limited engagement of volunteer groups, and inadequate availability of insecticides and tools for emergency vector control.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The study outcomes shed light on the challenges and suggest operational and practical solutions to address the identified shortcomings.