Farrerol mitigates fungal keratitis by enhancing fungal clearance and limiting inflammation through autophagy and Nrf2 pathway.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Fungal keratitis is a vision-threatening corneal disease, in which uncontrolled inflammation and oxidative damage often result in poor clinical outcomes. Current antifungal drugs exert fungicidal activity but often fail to control inflammatory injury, limiting their therapeutic efficacy. Therapies capable of enhancing fungal clearance while modulating host inflammation are urgently needed. Farrerol (FA), a natural flavanone, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, yet its role in fungal keratitis remains unclear. PURPOSE: To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of FA in Aspergillus fumigatus-induced keratitis. METHODS: RT-qPCR, Western Blot, Co-IP, ELISA, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to assess the effects of FA on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in fungus-stimulated macrophages. MIC assay, Calcofluor White staining, and plate counting method were used to examine the antifungal activity. A murine fungal keratitis model was established to determine the therapeutic efficacy in vivo. RESULTS: FA significantly alleviated corneal inflammation and fungal burden in vivo. Mechanistically, FA enhanced autophagic flux and promoted autophagy-dependent degradation of Keap1, resulting in Nrf2 nuclear translocation. The activation of autophagy and Nrf2 feedback loop suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS while enhancing macrophage-mediated intracellular killing of conidia. Inhibition of autophagy abolished these protective effects. CONCLUSIONS: FA protects against fungal keratitis by enhancing fungal clearance and limiting excessive inflammation through activation of autophagy and the Nrf2 pathway. These findings identify FA as a promising therapeutic candidate and highlight autophagy-Nrf2 signaling as a potential target in fungal infectious diseases.