Genomic Differences in Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Among Key Salmonella Strains of Serogroups B and D1 in Brazilian Poultry.

Abstract

Salmonella is a significant threat to Brazilian poultry, causing economic losses and public health risks. This study analyzed 15 Salmonella isolates along with 45 retrieved complete genomes, including serovars Gallinarum, Pullorum, Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Heidelberg. Biochemical characterization, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, and comparative genomics were performed. The studied strains exhibited high levels of antimicrobial resistance, particularly to tilmicosin, penicillin/novobiocin, nalidixic acid, and streptomycin. Genomic analysis revealed diverse virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with zoonotic strains showing higher virulence compared to avian-adapted strains. Multiple plasmid types carrying ARGs were identified, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer. Pangenomic and phylogenomic analyses differentiated Salmonella strains from serogroup D1 from those from serogroup B. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive surveillance and control measures to mitigate the impact of Salmonella on both animal and human health in Brazil.