Hexagonal zinc oxide nanoparticles: a novel approach to combat multidrug-resistantbiofilms in feline urinary tract infections.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: , a common inhabitant of the feline gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a significant pathogen causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in domestic cats. The rise of multidrug-resistantstrains and their propensity to form biofilms pose significant challenges in treatment. This study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of hexagonal zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) alone and in combination with streptomycin and Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLe) against multidrug-resistantisolates from feline UTIs. METHODS: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was assessed using the crystal violet assay, and biofilm-associated genes (,E,ABC) were detected by PCR. ZnONPs, Str/ZnONPs (streptomycin-loaded ZnONPs), and Str/MOLe@ZnONPs (streptomycin and MOLe-loaded ZnONPs) were characterized using FTIR, DLS, TEM, and SEM. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated through time-kill assays, well diffusion assays, and gene expression analysis. RESULTS: A high prevalence of multidrug resistance was observed among theisolates, with significant resistance to ampicillin, vancomycin, and streptomycin. Characterization studies revealed the successful encapsulation of streptomycin and MOLe within the ZnONPs.assays demonstrated that Str/MOLe@ZnONPs exhibited potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against the testedstrains, significantly reducing bacterial growth and biofilm formation. DISCUSSION: The emergence of multidrug-resistantstrains necessitates the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This study demonstrates the promising potential of ZnONPs, particularly those loaded with streptomycin and MOLe, in combating biofilm-forming. The synergistic effects of the combined formulation may offer a novel approach to overcome antibiotic resistance and improve the treatment outcomes ofUTIs in domestic cats.