High-resolution imaging and three-dimensional model of the feline spinal cord.

Abstract

The spinal cord is a critical component of the central nervous system, responsible for integrating somatosensory inputs, generating motor outputs, and regulating autonomic functions. Despite its functional importance, high-resolution anatomical data spanning from high cervical to sacral levels of the spinal cord remain largely unexplored, limiting our ability to develop accurate surgical strategies, computational models, and neuromodulation protocols. Here, we performed a segment-by-segment quantitative anatomical analysis of the feline spinal cord from C3 to S2 using histology and high-resolution micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) to evaluate key structures including the dura mater, dorsal root ganglia, rootlets, and white and gray matter. We observed significant variability in dural thickness, as well as structured changes in rootlet orientation and density along the spinal axis. Dorsal root ganglia size, along with white and gray matter morphology, varied across spinal segments, with prominent enlargements at cervical and lumbar levels. Additionally, we constructed an open-access three-dimensional model by integrating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Micro-CT, and high-resolution Micro-CT data into a unified spatial reference. This model enables precise spatial analysis of spinal structures and facilitates advanced computational modeling of spinal cord function and neuromodulation strategies. Our results represent a valuable resource for anatomical, surgical, and bioengineering applications aimed at improving spinal interventions.