Impact of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Alcohol Use and Negative Consequences: A Systematic Review.

Abstract

<h4>Context</h4>Research suggests that alcohol consumption is associated with neuroinflammation, impacting brain regions associated with addiction and cognitive function. Long-chain omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been proposed to have neuroprotective effects against alcohol, reversing synaptic deficits caused by alcohol and alleviating anxiety in animal models.<h4>Objective</h4>The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an n-3 intervention in ameliorating behavioral changes, biochemical alterations, and the inflammatory responses induced by alcohol consumption.<h4>Data sources</h4>A systematic review was performed using PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, and OpenGrey databases. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed.<h4>Data extraction</h4>A total of 3829 records were identified. The records were subject to screening against the eligibility criteria, and the data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment were carried out by 2 investigators independently.<h4>Data analysis</h4>Twelve articles addressed n-3 PUFA interventions, and its effects on alcohol-related outcomes were finally included. Preclinical studies demonstrated that n-3 PUFAs improved behavioral, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and hepatic parameters altered by alcohol. However, clinical trials yielded inconclusive evidence.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Despite the paucity of clinical and preclinical studies, available evidence suggests that n-3 PUFAs may exert a protective influence on alcohol-related outcomes at both the behavioral and molecular levels.<h4>Systematic review registration</h4>PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023443095.