Intestinal zoonotic parasites in companion animals and potential of human exposure in the Middle East.

Abstract

Intestinal parasitic diseases remain a major public health concern, particularly in many developing countries where socio-economic and environmental conditions facilitate their persistence. The Middle East region, characterized by diverse climatic zones and varying levels of sanitation and healthcare infrastructure, experiences a notable burden of these diseases. A significant factor in the transmission dynamics of intestinal parasites is the close relationship between humans and animals, especially domestic pets such as cats and dogs. These animals can serve as reservoirs for a range of zoonotic parasites, including Toxocara spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Echinococcus granulosus. Furthermore, the widespread presence of stray animals that roam urban and rural areas exacerbates the risk of environmental contamination. Fecal matter deposited in public spaces, water sources, and agricultural fields can lead to the spread of infective parasitic stages,thereby increasing the potential for human exposure. Children and immunocompromised individuals are particularly vulnerable to these infections. This review explores the occurrence, prevalence, and potential transmission routes of zoonotic intestinal parasites in Middle Eastern countries. It also highlights contributing factors such as pet ownership practices, stray animal populations, and insufficient public health education. Effective risk mitigation strategies should include improved hygiene and sanitation, routine veterinary care and administration of broad-spectrum parasite control for pets, community awareness programs, and strict enforcement of regulations regarding pet importation and quarantine. Coordinated efforts among veterinary, public health, and environmental sectors are crucial to reducing the burden of zoonotic parasitic diseases in the region.