Is the esophagus spared during pulsed field ablation? Early histopathology and in vivo esophageal retraction.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies of pulsed field ablation (PFA) have demonstrated an absence of esophageal lesions. However, esophageal assessments are typically performed weeks after PFA, precluding an understanding of acute effects. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize the mechanism of esophageal safety with PFA, using preclinical and clinical assessments. METHODS: In 6 swine (early, n = 4; late, n = 2) under anesthesia and paralysis, the esophagus was manually displaced toward the inferior vena cava using a balloon catheter. From the inferior vena cava, a pentaspline PFA catheter delivered 4 stacked applications at 4-7 sites. Animals were sacrificed either early (1 day) or late (14 days), followed by pathologic assessment. PFA's mechanical effect on the esophagus was determined in other preclinical and clinical studies (with or without paralytics) by contrast fluoroscopy during left atrial PFA. RESULTS: After 1 day, 3 of 4 animals demonstrated esophageal lesions, measuring 13.3 ± 8.5 mm long, 6.3 ± 5.9 mm wide, and 2.3 ± 0.6 mm deep. All lesions were nontransmural, with myocyte degeneration and leucocyte infiltration on histology; the mucosa and blood vessels were spared. Conversely, the 14-day cohort exhibited no lesions upon gross necropsy or histology. During atrial PFA using various catheters, waveforms, and manufacturers, esophageal contraction universally occurred such that it functionally retracted away from the point of ablation. CONCLUSION: The pentaspline PFA catheter creates acute nontransmural esophageal lesions that resolve by 14 days. The "functional sparing" of the esophagus during PFA is not caused by absolute esophageal sparing, but rather by a combination of favorable tissue healing and, likely, some degree of esophageal contraction/retraction.