<i>Pneumocystis</i> Infection in Pregnant Women: A Scoping Review.

Abstract

<i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> is an opportunistic fungus that causes severe pneumonia in immunosuppressed individuals. While <i>Pneumocystis</i> colonization, a subclinical form of infection, has been studied in different populations, its implications during pregnancy remain poorly understood. Given the immune modulation of pregnancy, maternal colonization or infection may contribute to vertical transmission and neonatal respiratory complications. This scoping review aims to map the existing evidence on <i>Pneumocystis</i> colonization/infection during pregnancy, identifying knowledge gaps, prevalence, risk factors, and potential neonatal outcomes. A systematic literature search was conducted in three databases following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A total of 26 studies were included, covering <i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia cases (n = 19) and <i>Pneumocystis</i> colonization (n = 7). The review found that most <i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia cases in pregnant women were associated with HIV before antiretroviral therapy. More recent cases were related to hematologic malignancies. <i>Pneumocystis</i> colonization rates varied widely (5.4-46.5%). Evidence of vertical transmission was observed, but neonatal impact remains underexplored. This review highlights the need for HIV screening in pregnant women and the need to include <i>Pneumocystis</i> in the diagnosis of pregnant women with pneumonia. Increased awareness and research on <i>Pneumocystis</i> in pregnancy are necessary to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. Future studies should focus on vertical transmission and neonatal respiratory health.