Magnetic resonance imaging-based radiation treatment plans for dogs may be feasible with the use of generative adversarial networks.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to examine the feasibility of utilizing generative adversarial networks (GANs) to generate accurate pseudo-CT images for dogs. METHODS: This study used head standard CT images and T1-weighted transverse with contrast 3-D fast spoiled gradient echo head MRI images from 45 nonbrachycephalic dogs that received treatment between 2014 and 2023. Two conditional GANs (CGANs), one with a U-Net generator and a PatchGAN discriminator and another with a residual neural network (ResNet) U-Net generator and ResNet discriminator were used to generate the pseudo-CT images. RESULTS: The CGAN with a ResNet U-Net generator and ResNet discriminator had an average mean absolute error of 109.5 ± 153.7 HU, average peak signal-to-noise ratio of 21.2 ± 4.31 dB, normalized mutual information of 0.89 ± 0.05, and dice similarity coefficient of 0.91 ± 0.12. The dice similarity coefficient for the bone was 0.71 ± 0.17. Qualitative results indicated that the most common ranking was "slightly similar" for both models. The CGAN with a ResNet U-Net generator and ResNet discriminator produced more accurate pseudo-CT images than the CGAN with a U-Net generator and PatchGAN discriminator. CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that CGAN can generate relatively accurate pseudo-CT images but suggests exploring alternative GAN extensions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Implementing generative learning into veterinary radiation therapy planning demonstrates the potential to reduce imaging costs and time.