Minimally invasive cholecystostomy in the dog: evaluation of placement techniques and use in extrahepatic biliary obstruction.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 4 methods of cholecystostomy catheter placement and to report on laparoscopic (Lap) cholecystostomy for the management of extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO) in 3 dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study and clinical report. ANIMALS: Cadaveric dogs (n=20); 2 canine and 1 feline patient. METHODS: Pigtail cholecystostomy catheters were inserted in 20 canine cadavers using ultrasound (US) or Lap guidance. Insertion routes were either transperitoneal or transhepatic. Methods studied included Lap-transperitoneal, US-transperitoneal, US-transhepatic, and US-Seldinger (n=5 dogs/group). Insertion success, pleural penetration, and insertion site leakage (Lap-transperitoneal group) were evaluated. Three clinical EHBO cases were treated by Lap-transperitoneal technique. RESULTS: Insertion success was 100% by Lap-transperitoneal but 0% with US-transperitoneal and US-Seldinger methods. US-transhepatic yielded 3 of 5 successful placements. The pleura was penetrated in all US-transhepatic and US-Seldinger insertions. Leakage pressure for Lap-transperitoneal catheters averaged 75 cm H2O (+/-20 cm H2O). Lap-transperitoneal cholecystostomy resulted in marked improvement in 2 dogs, but the catheter became obstructed in the cat. One dog spontaneously regained common bile duct patency and the remaining 2 animals had successful cholecystoenterostomy. CONCLUSIONS: In cadaver testing, the Lap-transperitoneal cholecystostomy method was superior based on high insertion success with no pleural penetration. In 2 clinical cases, Lap-transperitoneal placement successfully provided biliary drainage for patient stabilization. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The role for temporary cholecystostomy has yet to be established, but may aid patient stabilization and mortality reduction in EHBO.