Mitigates Intestinal Barrier Damage in Mice Induced by High-Altitude Exposure by Increasing Levels of 2-Ketoglutaric Acid.

Abstract

Exposure to high altitudes often results in gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to identify probiotic strains that can alleviate such disorders.We conducted a microbiome analysis to investigate the differences in gut microbiota among volunteers during the acute response and acclimatization phases at high altitudes. Subsequently, we established a mouse model of intestinal barrier damage induced by high-altitude exposure to further investigate the roles of probiotic strains and 2-ketoglutaric acid. Additionally, we performed untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomic analyses to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.The microbiome analysis revealed a significant increase in the abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii during the acclimatization phase.() significantly mitigated damage to the intestinal barrier and the reduction of 2-ketoglutaric acid levels in the cecal contents induced by high-altitude exposure in mice. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining demonstrated that high-altitude exposure significantly decreased the expression of ZO-1 and occludin while increasing apoptosis in ileal tissues. In contrast, treatment withalleviated the loss of ZO-1 and occludin, as well as the apoptosis induced by high-altitude exposure. Furthermore, 2-ketoglutaric acid also mitigated this damage, reducing the loss of occludin and apoptosis in mice. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that high-altitude exposure significantly affects the calcium signaling pathway; conversely, the administration ofsignificantly influenced the PPAR signaling pathway, mineral absorption, and the regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes. Additionally, the expression of the() was markedly reduced following the administration of.mitigates hypoxia-induced intestinal barrier damage by increasing levels of 2-ketoglutaric acid and shows promise as a probiotic, ultimately aiding travelers in adapting to high-altitude environments.