Neuroinmunological diseases in paediatric patients: New entities and update.

Abstract

Neuroinmunological diseases are a broad heterogeneous group of inflammatory disorders in which damage to the central nervous system occurs as a result of immune system abnormalities that can be caused by various pathogenic mechanisms. This may be produced by the presence of autoantibodies, mediated by cells, triggered by infections and paraneoplastic processes, or have a genetic cause. Radiologists should be familiar with these diseases and be able to perform a differential diagnosis, as early diagnosis and appropriate treatment with immunotherapy can modify the course of the disease in some cases. This update has two objectives: Review the most common entities within each group, including demyelinating diseases, autoimmune encephalitis, lupus erythematosus, Rasmussen's encephalitis, and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Describe key imaging features that aid in the differential diagnosis between different entities.