Neurons exploit stochastic growth to rapidly and economically build dense dendritic arbors.

Abstract

Dendrites grow by stochastic branching, elongation, and retraction. A key question is whether such a mechanism is sufficient to form highly branched dendritic morphologies. Alternatively, does dendrite geometry depend on signals from other cells or from the topological hierarchy of the growing network? To answer these questions, we developed an isotropic and homogenous mean-field model in which branch dynamics depends only on average lengths and densities: that is, without external influence. Branching was modeled as density-dependent nucleation so that no tree structures or network topology was present. Despite its simplicity, the model predicted several key morphological properties of class IV Drosophila sensory dendrites, including the exponential distribution of branch lengths, the parabolic scaling between dendrite number and length densities, the tight spacing of the dendritic meshwork (which required minimal total branch length), and the radial orientation of branches. Stochastic growth also accelerated the overall expansion rate of the arbor. We show that stochastic dynamics is an economical and rapid space-filling mechanism for building dendritic arbors without external guidance or hierarchical branching mechanisms. Our work therefore provides a general theoretical framework for understanding how macroscopic branching patterns emerge from microscopic dynamics.