Novel integrated approach modeling proanthocyanidins and bacteriophages to combat multidrugTyphimurium in challenged broilers.

Abstract

The emergence of multidrug bacterial isolates, including(.) Typhimurium, which primarily spreads to humans through chicken products, is correlated with a rising prevalence of antimicrobial therapy failure. Thus, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the combined impact ofbacteriophage (BP) and grape seed oligomeric pro-anthocyanidins (GSOPs) on growth performance, immune functions, antioxidant capacity, cecal microbiota, gut integrity, and. Typhimurium resistance in challenged broilers. A total of 250 Ross-308 male broiler chicks were offered either a control diet or a diet supplemented withBP alone at concentrations of 10PFU/0.1 ml, GSOPs alone at a level of 400 mg/kg diet, and a combination of bothBP and GSOPs, and experimentally infected with multidrug-resistant (MDR). Typhimurium strain at 14 days of age. Broilers administered BP, GSOPs, and their combination, particularly BP+GSOPs, had enhanced growth performance attributes even following a challenge with. Typhimurium, alongside decreased mortality percentage, which was evidenced by increased expression of, β-defensin-1, cathelicidins-2,-2, occludin, andgenes, reduced. Typhimurium abundance, and downregulating its virulence-associated genes (and), alongside restored intestinal histological features. GSOPs+BP fortified group exhibited higher cecal beneficial bacteria counts (, andspecies), lower cecal harmful bacteria loads (, andclusters I and IV), decreased serum oxidative markers [HO, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA)], and increased serum antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)]. The incorporation of dietary BP, and GSOPs combination significantly downregulated the intestinal inflammatory regulated genes (β, and), andgene, and reduced the serum concentrations of LYZ, NO, CRP, and complement C3, alongside increased serum IgG, and IgM levels, and upregulation of autophagy-related genes (, and). The aforementioned beneficial effects of the BP and GSOPs combination support their prospective use in avian nutrition to enhance performance and stimulate immune defense against gastrointestinal illnesses, including. Typhimurium infection.