Pathogenic piscine intestinal coccidia infection alters gut microbiome in juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer).

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Piscine intestinal coccidiosis has been associated with increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, potentially through disruption of the gut microbiota. While many gut bacteria are commensal, infection-related alterations in microbial composition may favor the proliferation of opportunistic taxa. However, the specific effects of intestinal coccidial infections on the gut microbiome of fish remain insufficiently described. RESULTS: This study examined the influence of intestinal coccidial infection on gut microbiota composition and the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria in juvenile Asian seabass (). Intestinal samples from seven coccidia-infected and five uninfected fish were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Infected fish demonstrated greater microbial diversity and marked compositional shifts across multiple taxonomic levels. Relative abundances of genera with reported pathogenic potential, such as , , and , as well as zoonotic bacteria including  and , were elevated in the infected group. Conversely, uninfected fish harbored higher levels of genera such as , , , and , which are commonly associated with environmental niches and opportunistic colonization. Coccidial infection was also linked to microbial imbalance, reflected in reduced Proteobacteria-to-Bacteroidota (P:B) and Proteobacteria-to-Firmicutes (P:F) ratios, alongside histopathological evidence of intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal coccidiosis in juvenile Asian seabass is associated with open niche gut characterized by altered microbial diversity and increased abundance of bacterial genera with pathogenic potential. These findings suggest that coccidial infection may contribute to an elevated risk of secondary infections, underscoring the relevance of gut microbiome monitoring in fish health management. Further studies are warranted to clarify host–parasite–microbiome interactions and their implications for aquaculture health. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-025-05168-y.