Potential role of plant-derived thymol and carvacrol against Newcastle disease virus in poultry.

Abstract

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a serious danger to the world's poultry industry and can result in huge financial losses. Emerging virus strains and vaccination failures pose a threat to traditional control measures like vaccination, which is why other approaches must be investigated. The antiviral qualities of thymol and carvacrol, two important constituents of essential oils (EOs), are discussed in this review as a potential strategy to counteract NDV. These substances, which are isolated from a variety of aromatic plants, have a wide range of biological properties, such as immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and antiviral properties. Through a variety of methods, like breakdown of the viral envelope and suppression of viral entry and replication, thymol and carvacrol prevent viruses from replicating. The effectiveness of NDV control is increased by its capacity to alter the host immunological response. The extraction processes of these substances are compiled in this review, with a focus on cutting-edge approaches such as supercritical fluid extraction, which provide more sustainability and efficiency. Numerous investigations have demonstrated antiviral actions of carvacrol and thymol against NDV, highlighting their potential as natural substitutes for traditional antiviral treatments. Even though these EOs compounds show encouraging outcomes, further study is required to maximize their use in poultry.