Prevalence and distribution of anisakid species in fish from North African marine waters: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract

Foodborne parasites remain a concern for human health. Among marine parasites, anisakid nematodes are notable species frequently detected in marketable fish. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of anisakid species in fish caught along the coasts of North African countries. A systematic literature review was carried out using two electronic databases, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Forty studies published between 2006 and 2024 were included in the meta-analysis. Data were analyzed using the meta package in R software, employing a random-effects model. The overall pooled prevalence of anisakid species was 32.12% (95% CI 20.53-44.91). Molecular methods identified five Anisakis species and Skrjabinisakis physeteris. Furthermore, the detection of Contracaecum quadripapillatum and Phocanema decipiens indicated the occurrence of other Anisakidae genera not previously documented in North African coastal ecosystems. The pooled prevalence of anisakidosis was 35.48% (95% CI 23.37-48.6).while the prevalence of Anisakinae species varied depending on the year, country, fishing area, fish habitat and fish species. The highest prevalence was recorded between 2011 and 2015 (58.14%). Morocco and Libya showed the highest infection rates, whereas Algeria had the lowest (9.74%). The Atlantic coast exhibited the highest regional prevalence (53.69%). Pelagic fish showed greater infection levels (33.54%) than demersal species. Anisakinae species were reported in 44 fish species, with Trachurus trachurus being the most frequently examined (31.22%). The widespread distribution of anisakid species in marine fish across North Africa underscores important public health concerns and highlights the necessity for ongoing monitoring and molecular characterization in the region.