Prevalence and patterns of psychiatric comorbidities in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract

<h4>Background</h4>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health challenge that is frequently complicated by psychiatric comorbidities, which can worsen disease outcomes and quality of life. Accurate prevalence estimates are essential to inform integrated management strategies.<h4>Objective</h4>This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the prevalence and patterns of psychiatric comorbidities in individuals with T2DM.<h4>Methods</h4>A comprehensive search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies included full-text, peer-reviewed articles reporting psychiatric comorbidities in adults with T2DM. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated using a random effects model, with heterogeneity assessed using the I² statistic. The search was updated through July 2025.<h4>Results</h4>A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of depression in adults with T2DM was 19% (95% CI: 14-24%), based on eight contributing studies. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was also frequently observed, with a pooled prevalence of 39% (95% CI: 23-59%) across four studies. Considerable variability among studies was evident, likely attributable to differences in study design, diagnostic methods, sampling frames, and population characteristics.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Psychiatric comorbidities are highly prevalent in individuals with T2DM, particularly depression and cognitive impairment, emphasizing the need for integrated psychiatric and metabolic care. This meta-analysis demonstrates that psychiatric comorbidities, particularly depression and cognitive impairment, are common in individuals with T2DM, highlighting the need for routine psychiatric screening and integrated diabetes care.