Prospective, longitudinal assessment of subchondral bone morphology and pathology using standing, cone-beam computed tomography in fetlock joints of 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses in their first year of training.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Catastrophic injuries of the fetlock joints occur in Thoroughbred racehorses and are preceded by stress-induced bone injury. Early detection of subchondral bone injury is essential to prevent irreversible damage or bone failure. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the use of standing, robotic cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for assessing longitudinal changes in subchondral bone morphology and pathology of the fetlock joints associated with race training in young Thoroughbreds. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study. METHODS: Forty-one 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses were recruited prior to the start of race training. Standing CBCT and radiographs of all 4 metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joints were obtained at 0, 6 and 12 months. Hyperdensity, as an estimate of subchondral bone sclerosis, was measured in the distal third metacarpal (MC3)/metatarsal (MT3) bone and proximal phalanx (P1) at each time point on computed tomography. CBCTs were examined for subchondral bone pathology consisting of areas of hypodensity within regions of hyperdensity. RESULTS: Subchondral bone sclerosis increased significantly over time in the medial and lateral MC3/MT3 condyles and in the medial and lateral parasagittal grooves of MC3/MT3. The presence of subchondral bone pathology increased significantly over time in the medial and lateral palmar condyles of MC3/MT3, the lateral parasagittal groove, the medial dorsal condyle and the medial and lateral ridges of P1. MAIN LIMITATIONS: There was attrition of horses due to relocation, change in ownership, and retirement from racing. Husbandry, training regimens and racing schedules were not controlled for in the study. CONCLUSIONS: Standing CBCT is an efficient and effective screening tool for assessing subchondral bone morphology and identifying pathology of the fetlock joint in young Thoroughbred racehorses. CBCT may facilitate early detection of bone pathology allowing for timely intervention and prevention of more serious injuries.