Recent advances in host models in studying virulence factors and pathogenesis of.

Abstract

is a major global healthcare-associated pathogen with increased antibiotic resistance, underscoring the urgent need to develop novel antibiotics, immunotherapies, and vaccines. However, a critical gap in combatinginfections is the lack of a systematic approach to selecting appropriate host models for studying host-pathogen interactions. This review analyses previously published research articles on host interactions with. The articles were searched from electronic databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, covering publications from 2015 to 2024. These studies, encompassing bothandresearch, aim to elucidate the virulence factors and host responses during host-pathogen interactions. The review analysis shows that mouse andare well-established animal models. Meanwhile, A549, HEK-293, HeLa, and Hep-G2 cell lines are the mainmodels for studyingpathogenesis. Key considerations forhost model selection include necessitating a minimum of biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) laboratory conditions, the specific pathogens involved, relevance of the cell lines, immune responsiveness, and ease of manipulation. Challenges such as the heterogeneity of bacterial strains, initial bacterial dose, incubation duration, and infection multiplicity should be considered in host-pathogen studies. This review could serve as a roadmap for optimizing experimental models to accelerate the development of targeted strategies against.