How aging dogs respond to a frustrating thinking test

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the engagement of aging dogs with a cognitively challenging and potentially frustrating task (the impossible task). Based on previous observations, we predicted that dogs showing signs of cognitive impairment in other cognitive tests and owner-completed questionnaires would show reduced engagement with the task. METHODS: In this task, dogs were shown a piece of food in a clear container that they could not open; time spent interacting with the container and the experimenter was measured. While the impossible task has not been used as a measure of frustration, the parameters of the test design creates a potential frustrate state, making this assessment appropriate. Thirty-two dogs enrolled in a longitudinal aging study participated in the study. Owners were asked to complete two cognitive dysfunction screening questionnaires (Canine Dementia Scale [CADES] and Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating Scale [CCDR]) as well a questionnaire assessing general frustration. Dogs participated in multiple measures of cognitive function as well the impossible task. RESULTS: Latency to disengage from the impossible task was faster for dogs with higher total (more impaired) CADES (= 0.02) and total CCDR (= 0.04) scores. Latency to disengage also correlated with decreased performance in cognitive tests observing social cues (= 0.01), working memory (≤ 0.001), spatial reasoning and reversal learning (= 0.02), and sustained attention (= 0.02). DISCUSSION: The high correlation with several cognitive measures and the ease of administration of this test makes it a useful tool in evaluating canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome, however it is unclear if increased frustration or other cognitive processes are contributing to the observed changes.