Semifield assessment of the runoff potential and environmental risk of the parasiticide drug ivermectin under Mediterranean conditions.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The antiparasitic ivermectin is of particular concern to regulatory agencies. Ivermectin can reach the environment through the direct emission of dung from livestock on pasture and via manure application on agricultural lands. METHODS: A semifield study was conducted for assessing the ivermectin dynamic in runoff and drainage waters from dung-treated soils placed on experimental trays. The experiment was conducted under natural Mediterranean conditions. Realistic pasture and arable land applications were assessed using dung of treated animals and compared with a positive control (spraying the ivermective solution without dung). RESULTS: Similar concentrations were obtained in all three treatments for drainage waters, with values ranging from <5-10 to about 20&#xa0;ng/l. However, strong treatment-related variation was observed in runoff waters, with the highest concentrations found in the spray treatment (9-188&#xa0;ng/l), followed by the arable land (<5-88&#xa0;ng/l) scenario, and concentrations not exceeding 6&#xa0;ng/l in the pasture scenario. Ivermectin levels in runoff particles were up to 1,660 and 5,890&#xa0;ng/kg dry weight for the pasture (I1) and arable land (I2) scenarios, respectively. Ivermectin was only detected in the drainage and runoff waters collected in the first rainfall events after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The measured concentrations in water (0.006-0.118&#xa0;ng/ml) and runoff particles (0.052-5.89&#xa0;ng/mg dry suspended matter) are orders of magnitude higher than those provoking effects on aquatic and benthonic communities under experimental and mesocosm conditions, suggesting a clear risk for aquatic systems in the vicinity of pasture areas of treated animals or arable soil fertilized with its manure.