Sexual Dimorphism in Maxillary Canine Dimensions among Kosovo Population: A CBCT Analysis.

Abstract

<h4>Background</h4>Dental sexual dimorphism, particularly in maxillary canines, is one of the most reliable markers for sex determination in forensic and anthropological contexts. With the advent of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), more accurate and population-specific morphometric data can be obtained.<h4>Objective</h4>This study aimed to measure sexual dimorphism in maxillary canine crown sizes in the Kosovo population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. It also assessed the potential for determining sex in forensic cases.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>A retrospective analysis was conducted on CBCT scans from 60 subjects (30 males, 30 females) aged 18-30 years at the University Clinical Center of Kosovo. Mesiodistal (MD) and vestibularoral (VO) crown dimensions were measured. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, Cohen's d effect sizes, and sexual dimorphism percentages calculated using the Garn and Lewis formula.<h4>Results</h4>All parameters showed significant sexual dimorphism (p < 0.001), with males exhibiting larger crown sizes. The highest dimorphism was observed in the left canine VO dimension (8.92%), followed by the right canine VO (8.87%). Average sex differences ranged from 0.597-0.724 mm, with large effect sizes (Cohen's d: 1.166-1.435). Bilateral correlations were strong for both MD and VO measurements (r = 0.961-0.966).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Maxillary canines exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism in the Kosovo population, with VO dimensions showing slightly greater discriminatory potential than MD. These findings highlight their value in forensic sex determination and provide population-specific reference data for Kosovo.