Shifting Defect Self-Regulation via Disordered Vacancies in Hollow Tin Perovskites.

Abstract

Tin-(II)-based hybrid halide perovskites typically suffer from severe self-doping behavior as a result of facile oxidation of Sn-(II) to Sn-(IV), leading to high carrier densities (holes) and metallic-like conductivities that limit their applications. In this contribution, we describe how substituting the large ethylenediammonium cation for methylammonium in the intentionally defective "hollow" perovskite family, MA_1-<i>x</i> en _<i>x</i> Sn_{1-0.7<i>x</i>} I_{3-0.4<i>x</i>} (MA = methylammonium, en = ethylenediammonium), where 0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 0.38, effectively minimizes the intrinsic self-doping behavior. The use of a solvent-free, mechanochemical synthesis route further circumvents oxidative side reactions typical in solution processing, enabling more precise control and understanding of both composition and defect chemistry. Dark and time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements of these materials as a function of "<i>x</i>" reveal two regimes of conductivity suppression: at low <i>x</i> incorporation (<i>x</i> ≤ 0.15), the carrier density decreases by an order of magnitude via defect-mediated charge compensation, while higher substitution (0.15 < <i>x</i> ≤ 0.38) greatly reduces the carrier mobility. At these lower substitution levels, the observations suggest that intrinsic equilibrium tin vacancies are compensated instead by ionic defects in lieu of mobile holes. For the higher substitution levels, the less mobile carriers exhibit long recombination lifetimes, consistent with polaron-mediated transport. These findings establish a strategy for relatively low iodine chemical potential synthesis and defect-driven control of the carrier concentration in tin halide perovskites, advancing the rational discovery of dopable hybrid semiconductors.