Sophoricoside ameliorates LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver failure by inhibiting ferroptosis via activation of the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Acute liver failure (ALF) is associated with ferroptosis and currently lacks specific drugs and therapies. Previous studies have shown the hepatoprotective activity of Sophoricoside (SOP) in diverse models of hepatic injury. However, the role of SOP in ALF caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN) is still unknown. PURPOSE: To investigate the therapeutic effects of SOP on ALF and its underlying mechanisms of action. METHODS: In vivo, an ALF mouse model was established using LPS and D-GalN. RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes, which were subsequently confirmed by Western blot and qRT-PCR. In vitro, erastin was used to induce ferroptosis in HepG2 cells. Subsequently, the cells were treated with SOP, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) inhibitor ML385, and the glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibitor RSL3. Additionally, siRNA was utilized for Nrf2 knockdown. Measurements of biochemical markers, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential, qRT-PCR, and Western blot analysis were used to confirm the effectiveness and mechanism of SOP. Finally, the interaction between SOP and Nrf2 was verified through molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). RESULTS: In vivo, experimental analysis revealed that SOP ameliorated liver injury, hepatocyte Feaccumulation, and oxidative stress. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that SOP reversed the abnormal expression of genes related to Nrf2 and the ferroptosis pathway. In vitro, SOP ameliorated erastin-induced oxidative stress, ROS accumulation, and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. After the application of pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA knockdown, the SOP's inhibitory effect on ferroptosis was antagonized. CONCLUSION: SOP alleviated ALF by activating the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and ferroptosis.