Soy Sauce Fermentation with <i>Cordyceps militaris</i>: Process Optimization and Functional Profiling.

Abstract

This study presents the development and optimization of a functional soy sauce fermented with <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> (<i>C. militaris</i>), a medicinal fungus known for its high cordycepin and polysaccharide content. Using <i>C. militaris</i> as the sole starter culture, the process aimed to improve both nutritional and functional properties. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the entire fermentation process. During the koji stage, temperature, aeration, and inoculum concentration were adjusted to maximize protease activity and cordycepin production. In the fermentation stage, temperature, brine concentration, and water-to-material ratio were optimized to increase amino acid nitrogen and bioactive compound levels. Under optimal conditions (24 °C, 679.60 LPM aeration, 9.6% inoculum for koji; 32 °C, 12% brine, 1.53:1 water-to-material ratio for fermentation), the resulting soy sauce contained 1.14 ± 0.05 g/100 mL amino acid nitrogen and 16.88 ± 0.47 mg/100 mL cordycepin. Compared with traditionally fermented soy sauce, the <i>C. militaris</i> product exhibited a darker color, enhanced umami taste, and a distinct volatile profile featuring linoleic acid, methyl palmitate, and niacinamide. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using <i>C. militaris</i> in soy sauce fermentation and its potential as a novel functional condiment with improved bioactivity and sensory quality.