The use of hay nets and slow feeders as feeding methods in horse management: A semi-systematic review

Abstract

Hay nets and slow feeders are designed to mimic natural grazing by prolonging forage intake, thereby supporting digestive health and reducing stress-related behaviours. Their design and use, however, can influence effectiveness and may introduce risks. This semi-systematic review evaluated the use of hay nets and slow feeders in feeding horses, focusing on their impact on feeding time, behaviour, forage management and health management. A semi-systematic search across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus identified 26 full-text studies published between 2009 and 2025. Results showed that horse feeding time was extended by 40% depending on mesh size, multi-layered nets, and forage type, with ponies generally experiencing greater extended feeding time than horses. Slow feeders consistently reduced forage wastage from 57% to as low as 6%, with economic analyses suggesting potential recovery of the purchasing cost for the feeding device within a year. Behavioural benefits included reductions in cribbing, and weaving, although overly restrictive designs sometimes provoked frustration, pawing, or net flinging. Ground-based slow feeders encouraged a natural head-down posture, whereas elevated nets increased neck tension and pulling force, raising concerns about musculoskeletal strain. Dental impacts appeared minimal, but long-term outcomes remain unclear. For weight and metabolic health, some studies reported net-fed horses losing 20-23 kg compared with weight gain in floor-fed controls, while others found no changes. Overall, hay nets and slow feeders provide clear welfare and management benefits, but design and application must balance efficiency with equine wellbeing. Further research should refine their use across breeds, management systems, and individual horse need.