Signs and outcome of suspected vestibular epilepsy in 10 dogs

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In humans, vestibular epilepsy (VE) is described as focal seizures with transient signs of vestibular disease. In dogs, 2 cases of vestibular episodes, called vestibular paroxysmia, are reported. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to define the clinical features, phenotypical manifestation, and outcome of suspected VE in dogs. ANIMALS: Ten dogs with recurrent vestibular episodes. METHODS: Retrospective study. Medical records between 2009 and 2023 were reviewed, and dogs with a normal neurological examination, a history of transient signs of vestibular disease, absence of abnormalities detected on blood exams and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT), besides a minimum 10-month follow-up were included. Clinical improvement was defined as a ≥50% reduction in frequency or the cessation of clinical signs after the onset of antiseizure medications (ASMs). RESULTS: Pugs were the most prevalent breed (5/10; 50%). In 2 cases, additional generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures were reported. MRI exam was performed in most cases (9/10; 90%), whereas 1 dog underwent a CT scan (1/10; 10%). Electroencephalography (EEG) was carried out in 3 dogs that showed interictal spikes in the fronto-temporal and fronto-parietal areas. All cases received ASMs, with clinical improvement in 10/10 dogs (100%). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The presence of GTC seizures, EEG interictal spikes, and responsiveness to ASMs supported the hypothesis of an epileptic origin of vestibular episodes and thus the existence of VE in these dogs, with a presumed idiopathic cause and apparent favorable outcome.