Female cat with bloody vulvar discharge diagnosed with vulval cancer

Abstract

A 12-year-old female mixed-breed cat was referred to the Multidisciplinary Veterinary Clinic for evaluation of persistent bloody vulvar discharge, which had been present for approximately 2–3 weeks. The cat had no notable prior medical history. The owner reported that the dog had a normal appetite and behavior, aside from occasional excessive grooming of the perineal area. Vaginal cytology performed at the referring clinic revealed a highly cellular smear dominated by neoplastic epithelial cells, suggestive of a malignant epithelial neoplasm originating from the lower reproductive tract (Goldschmidt and Shofer, 1992). As the cat’s reproductive status was unknown, serum progesterone was measured to confirm spaying, which was supported by low hormone levels (Scully, 2023). Cystoscopy and vaginoscopy were performed under general anesthesia (Morgan and Forman, 2015). Cystoscopy revealed no abnormalities in the urethra or urinary bladder. Vaginoscopy, however, showed extensive proliferative and ulcerative lesions, occupying the caudal vaginal vault, and extending toward the vestibule (MacLachlan and Kennedy, 2017). The mucosa appeared friable, hyperemic, and nodular. Multiple biopsy samples were obtained, and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of vulval adenocarcinoma, a rare neoplastic condition in felines (DeBosschere et al., 2002). Vaginectomy combined with sentinel lymph node dissection was discussed as a treatment option (Withrow et al., 2020). However, due to the advanced age of the patient and concerns regarding surgical risk and postoperative quality of life, the owner declined surgical intervention. The cat is currently managed with symptomatic treatment and remains under clinical follow-up. This case highlights an uncommon presentation of vulval adenocarcinoma in a spayed cat. It emphasizes the importance of comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and individualized treatment planning in cases of unexplained vulvar discharge.